The article below on the Zoroastrian fire-temple at Ani was originally posted in the Virtual Ani website.
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History
The foundations of this unusual structure were uncovered by Nikolai Marr’s excavations before the First World War, during his 1909 season. Since those excavations ended, the fire-temple has been mostly ignored and omitted from maps and descriptions of Ani.
It is thought to be the remains of a Zoroastrian “fire worshipping” temple, dating from between the early first century to the middle of the fourth century AD. Alternatively, it may be an early Christian monument: an open-air martyrion from the fourth or fifth century. In Armenia there are many underground martyrions, but no known examples of an open-air one.
Whatever its purpose, it is probably the oldest surviving structure in Ani, and, if it is a fire-temple, it proves the existence of at least one substantial building at Ani from before the Christian period. At a later period the structure was converted into a chapel by the insertion of curved walls between its four columns. During 1998 and 1999 the fire-temple was re-excavated by Professor Beyhan Karamağaralı, director of the Turkish excavations of Ani. Unfortunately, the term “excavation” is being used loosely. For much of the time archaeologists were not present – only laborers and a foreman (destroying evidence that modern archaeology should seek to preserve and study) – hence the vagueness in parts of her summary report 1. Most of the work consisted of clearing the debris that had accumulated over the site since Marr’s excavation, and reassembling the columns that had fallen apart. A Byzantine coin from the reign of Justin I (518- 527AD) was found by the laborers. It may be the only known coin from this emperor to have been found at Ani (see Note 2). Design Analysis The remains of the fire-temple consist of four squat, circular columns with a diameter of 1.3 metres, resting on cylindrical bases. These columns are set 1.8 metres apart and are placed so as to form a square. The columns are not monolithic, but are constructed from smaller blocks of stone. They carry plain capitals that are also constructed from smaller blocks (three or four pieces). No evidence of the structure’s roof was found by the Russians (or the Turks). However, the massiveness of the columns suggests a stone roof. An altar (see the coin depicted at the bottom of this page) would presumably have been sited under this roof, in the centre of the square. The Russian excavators drew up a conjectural reconstruction showing what the fire-temple may have looked like. A flat roof is equally possible. At an unknown date the structure was converted into a small chapel by the construction of four exedera between the columns. These walls were rather crudely built, and little now survives (although at the time of the Russian excavations they reached as high as the capitals). There is a door in the southern wall, and the floor level between the eastern pillars is raised to create a bema. The front of the bema is ornamented with a blind arcade of four arches. The Turkish excavation uncovered parts of some surrounding structures (see the plan below, adapted from the plan in Prof. Karamağaralı’s published excavation report). These consist of the remains of poorly constructed walls, none surviving to more than half the height of the columns (but at the time of the Russian excavations they also reached as high as the capitals). The difference in building quality indicates that they are from a late period, from a time after the conversion to a chapel. These walls were also constructed at different stages – a fact not recorded on Karamağaralı’s plan, which is drawn as if they were all from a single building period. The walls in front of the chapel entrance seem to form a small courtyard. Another room (rather than a road) seems to have preceded this courtyard. This suggests that it may have been a private chapel attached to a house. It may also have had a funerary purpose: scattered (?) human bones from several individuals were discovered under (or beside?) the wall that runs south from the altar apse. The pillars are constructed from a very gritty, black basalt stone. This is the only apparent example of this type of stone being used at Ani – with one exception. In the citadel wall there is a tower built entirely of re-used blocks of the same stone. These may have been taken from other parts of the fire- temple complex (an enclosure wall?) or from another building of the same period. Hollows cut into the ends of these blocks indicate that they came from a structure built using the ancient masonry technique where large sized blocks of stone are held together by iron “dove-tail” cramps set in lead. The existence in Armenia of Zoroastrian temple structures in the form of a domed square on four pillars may have encouraged the evolution of the centrally planned, domed church that is so typical of Christian Armenian architecture. Notes 1. B. Karamağaralı, 1998 Ani Kazisi, KST, vol. 21, 1999, p431. 2. For a list of coins found during the Russian excavations see Bilan Comparé des Découverts Numismatiques à Ani et à Dvin, REA, vol. XVIII, 1984, p.461-469.
[Click to Enlarge] Another view of the Zoroastrian fire-temple looking east, towards the apse (Photo source & copyright: Virtual Ani 1999).
[Click to Enlarge] Inside of the Zoroastrian fire-temple, the two western columns (Photo source & copyright: Virtual Ani 1999).
The fire temple plan for Ani, which is virtualy identical to the Atash-gah of modern-day Baku (Photo source & copyright: Virtual Ani 1999).
The Zoroastrian fire-temple after the Russian excavation; this view faces east towards the apse (Photo source & copyright: Virtual Ani 1999).
Top view of the Ani fire-temple design (Photo source & copyright: Virtual Ani 1999).
Persian Sassanid coin from the fourth century CE. While not discovered at Ani, the coin depicts a typical Zoroastrian fire altar (Photo source & copyright: Virtual Ani 1999).
An engraving from the 1850s depicting a Zoroastrian fire-temple (it shows the Ateshgah Temple in Surakhany, near Baku in modern Republic of Azerbaijan, known as Arran and the Khanates until 1918) Photo source & copyright: Virtual Ani 1999).
